Who Really Built Africa? Challenging the ‘Colonial Development’ Myth

Introduction

For decades, the dominant historical narrative has suggested that Africa’s progress and infrastructure were largely the result of European colonial rule. This myth, often perpetuated through education, media, and political rhetoric, implies that colonialism was a necessary and even beneficial force that brought civilization to Africa. However, history tells a different story—one where African civilizations built thriving societies long before colonial intervention and where post-independence nations have continued to develop despite lasting economic and structural challenges imposed by colonization.

1. Pre-Colonial African Achievements

Before the arrival of European colonizers, Africa was home to advanced civilizations with sophisticated governance, trade networks, and infrastructure.

Advanced Civilizations and Infrastructure

• The Mali Empire (13th-16th century): One of the wealthiest and most powerful empires in history, with extensive trade networks, education centers like Timbuktu, and highly organized governance.
• The Great Zimbabwe (11th-15th century): A stone city that served as a political and economic hub, showcasing impressive architecture without the use of mortar.
• The Kingdom of Kongo: Known for its centralized administration, ironwork, and diplomacy with European nations.
• The Swahili City-States: Thriving trading hubs along the East African coast, engaging in commerce with Asia and the Middle East.

These examples challenge the notion that Africa was an underdeveloped continent before colonial rule.

2. What Did Colonialism Actually Do?

Rather than developing Africa, colonialism was primarily a system of extraction that benefited European economies while destabilizing African societies.

Key Aspects of Colonial Exploitation:

• Resource Extraction: Colonizers built infrastructure (railways, ports, roads) primarily to extract and export raw materials, not to benefit local populations.
• Forced Labor and Economic Disruption: Indigenous economic systems were dismantled in favor of cash-crop economies that served European markets.
• Destruction of Local Industries: African industries and self-sustaining economies were often suppressed to ensure dependence on European imports.
• Artificial Borders and Divide-and-Rule Strategies: Colonial rulers carved up the continent without regard for ethnic or cultural groups, sowing division that still affects Africa today.

3. The Role of Africans in Post-Colonial Development

Despite the long-lasting effects of colonialism, Africans have continued to build their nations through resilience, innovation, and strategic leadership.

Post-Colonial Achievements:

• Infrastructure Development: Countries like Rwanda, Ghana, and Ethiopia have made significant strides in building roads, railways, and modern cities.
• Education and Innovation: Institutions such as the African Institute for Mathematical Sciences and tech hubs in Kenya and Nigeria are driving knowledge economies.
• Economic Growth: Nations are diversifying their economies, investing in manufacturing, and leading fintech revolutions.
• Cultural Renaissance: Music, literature, and arts are being revitalized as Africans reclaim their narratives and identities.

4. Shifting the Narrative: Africa’s Builders and Visionaries

Instead of crediting colonial rule for Africa’s development, we must recognize the African thinkers, builders, and leaders who have shaped and continue to shape the continent.

Examples of African Visionaries:

• Thomas Sankara (Burkina Faso): Advocated for self-sufficiency and economic independence.
• Aliko Dangote (Nigeria): Built Africa’s largest industrial empire.
• Wangari Maathai (Kenya): Led environmental sustainability movements.
• Ashesi University (Ghana): Founded by Patrick Awuah, focusing on ethical leadership and innovation.

Conclusion: Who Really Built Africa?

The idea that colonialism built Africa is a myth that ignores both the achievements of pre-colonial civilizations and the ongoing efforts of modern Africans to develop their continent. By dismantling this colonial narrative, we empower Africans to reclaim their history, celebrate their progress, and shape their own future on their terms.